Philosophy presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy presentation - Essay Example The principle of â€Å"initial† panopticon is as follows: there is a building which has a circular form (a ring), and in its centre there is a tower. The tower has big windows which face the interior side of the ring. The tower standing against the light, the prisoners’ figures can be seen clearly. Michel Foucault defines panoptism either as a concrete light organization which is characteristic for a prison, or as an abstract principle, a certain â€Å"mechanism† which is able to penetrate into all functions and structures, all sides of human life. An abstract formula of panoptism is, therefore, not â€Å"to see without being seen†, but to force a certain type of behaviour onto any number of people, any society. This social group should be reduced, placed into an enclosed space. A certain type of behaviour is enforced by means of relocation in space, classification in time, arrangement in space and time. Power is not necessarily a centralized power of a state. According to M. Foucault, the State itself emerges as a result of cooperation of numerous mechanisms and centres, which are situated at a different level and independently form the microphysics of power. How is the idea of Foucault reflected in our everyday life? In fact, all modern societies can be classified as â€Å"disciplinary† societies, â€Å"discipline† being a type of power, a technology penetrating all possible institutions, connecting them, prolonging their existence, stimulating their convergence and exposition in a brand-new regime. Army, schools, hospitals, and other institutions have more and more widely used such mechanisms of power illustrated by â€Å"Panopticon†. The spread of these mechanisms led to creation of the â€Å"disciplined society†, in which the â€Å"visibility† of the minority by the majority was gradually forced out by the â€Å"visibility† of the majority by the minority†, and the spectacular

Pro Life vs Pro Choice Essay Example for Free

Pro Life vs Pro Choice Essay â€Å"Pro Life† people that believe that for example a fetus is a human and abortion should be considered murder vs. â€Å"Pro Choice† people that for example believe its up to them and no one else a subject that has been a sensitive moral issue for people through out the entire world. The issue we currently have in hand is should abortion be allowed or not and why or why not. This issue should be looked at very carefully because it does not just effect one person it affects other people’s lives as well. There are many utilitarian’s or should we call them people that are Pro Choice out there in this world that believe that when an issue comes about, the issue when handled should offer the most positive out come not only for oneself but for others as well. When women take the time and make sure that getting an abortion is the best thing to do, some of the reasons they are considering or should be considered is; am I ready to be a mom if the conclusion is you are not ready to become a mom it could be because of what is currently going on in your life. For example, if it’s you still are in school and would like to continue your education. A very important reason one to be considered the highest is not having a supportive boyfriend or husband, you can’t do it by yourself. Some will say that they cannot afford a child at this point and time. How will you be able to feed, cloth, and shelter your child with out the necessary means? Another thing that must be considered is will the mother or child be able to survive the birth. If there is a guarantee then there should be no questions asked, if the mother wants to have an abortion then it is her right to make that decision, if she knows she could possibly die from giving birth, and she is not allowed an abortion wouldn’t that be considered suicide or murder. Judith Jarvis Thomson states, â€Å" I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise. How, precisely, are we supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible† (Thomson) . On the other hand people that are Pro Life will argue the fact that fetuses are human beings and it is morally wrong to take their life from them, they say that it is against god or any higher power but that argument can be considered a little â€Å"flakey†, that seems like they are telling you to be a religious person, with the possibility of so many complications it is extremely dangerous on the mothers end, there is always the option to put your child up for adoption, you should know and or trust that the state will put your infant in a good family. No society will allow any human to intentionally harm or take the life of another human being without any form of punishment, and abortion should be considered no different. Doctors and nurses promised to save our lives, not destroy them. Don Marquis of the University of Kansas asks a different question â€Å" Do we have the same reasons not to kill a fetus that we have not to kill an adult?† killing adults he says, is wrong because it deprives them of their future. But in Killing a fetus, we are also depriving it of its future. Thus, it seems inconsistent to object one but not the other.† (Marquis) We all know that there are always going to be arguments on abortion being right or wrong. Each side both has value able points that they bring up in discussion. Morally its hard to say, you can always give your opinion but it ultimately its on a personal level and no one else’s beliefs should be forced upon you. I personally believe that it should be allowed. There are more positive reasons why it should be allowed. In my opinion some of those reasons are if you know your child will be ill and not be able to take care of him or herself at all, if there is a chance the mother or child wont be able to survive the birth. However, I do not believe that only one side should be taken, it is wrong to kill a human being no matter what state they are in his or her life. If abortion was to be socially accepted then there might be safer ways to come about, or more people would want to adopt which would make it a win win for all. But what it really boils down to is it’s up to the m other and no one else, it’s her body, and her child and it should ultimately be up to her.

Social Construction in Human Geography

Social Construction in Human Geography Social construction in its purest form is not defined easily, the by the book definition from dictionary.com is â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society; apperception of an individual, group, or idea that is constructed through cultural or social practice.† Social construction in layman’s terms is the foundation for everything everywhere you encounter in life. When a person is born and slowly learns the world surrounding them everything from what gender they are to what race they are is formed by society through social construct. Social construction is a concept that is completely created by humans, it is rather easy to make the connection why it would be such a predominant part of human geography. Since Social construction is covers such a wide array of areas, I am going to focus specifically on why it is important in human geography, and how time and space are socially constructed. Human geography, to put it simply is the study of humans. When humans come together they can form a Culture which is defined as â€Å"shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge† (Human Geography 113). Culture continues to be a main factor of both human geography and social construction by being formed and created by society. Culture consists of single qualities known as culture traits. Culture traits are behaviors that are thought of and done as a normality by one region or more but not as the rest of the world. An example of a culture trait could be wearing a jersey to a sporting event, which is also seen as a result of social construct because society is the sole creator of the tradition such that should wear jerseys to sporting events. Culture is only the start of Social construction as people in these first cultures move to other regions different culture traits are developed leading to culture realms. Culture region are where society has created some of the same traits in surrounding areas, while also having differing traits of their own. An example is â€Å"In the United States, a region such as New England could be defined as the area in which many people root for the Red Sox, pronounce chowder â€Å"chowda,† and use the word wicked as an adjective for something extreme, as in â€Å"it’s wicked cold out there!†(Human Geography 113). The connection between social construction and culture was so obvious to me because neither one are limited to anything specific. The entire makeup of a person being from certain region could be created dramatically from his/her culture. All of those traits that create culture that has shaped said person is created through social construction, such as variations to language, traditions, and actions that are thought to be the norm. Since social construction is involved in all aspects of humans understanding the world around them it is easy to see why social construction is import ant to human geography. Time, how is the concept socially constructed? Social construction being â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society† (Dictionary.com). The entire concept of time is created through a social mechanism by society. Time is measured in seconds, minutes, and hours, but before there were regulations placed on time society like everything else had created their own view on time. â€Å"The U.S. national time standard, for instance, didn’t emerge until 1883, when it was adopted by the railroads, which needed to maintain common timetables. Before that, cities largely kept their own local time, and many were not happy to have big government and big railroads force standardization on them. â€Å"Let the people of Cincinnati stick to the truth as it is written by the sun, moon and stars,† editorialized one newspaper when the changeover was going into effect† (Smithsonian). If time had not become regulated the differences could be substantial. There are differences in the social construct as far as culturally as well if you think in the terms of how long a work day or week would be. The United States, we think of 8 hours a day typically that is not the standard in other countries. In lecture we talked of vacation time which could also be created by society in the United States the normality is minimal, which is the opposite in much of the rest of the world. Another thought that is created by social construction is idea of being early, on time, and being late. That was created by society how do you decide if a person is on time, or early, or late. Social construction is very versatile especially in regards to the process from when humans are first born to developing cultures and venturing further to social construction of space. The social construction of space covers a vast amount of topics, the textbook defines the term as â€Å"this is the idea that society shapes the spatial nature of our world. How is the cultural landscape of your community reflective of the valves of your community† (Human Geography 125). SO I take that definition that like the other aspects of social construction, humans if moving into a new area that has not already had a community developed on it, and then humans will shape the area with cities filled with structures that are unique to the culture of people taking the land. If humans take over land that has already been developed, the people taking over will make changes to shape it and make it their own something that would represent their culture well. Once on the land society can split the land according to ideology and/or power and example â€Å"many communities in the American south have great geographic disparities between where the whites live and where blacks live.†(Human Geography 125). Southern culture have adopted that ideology. Social Construction â€Å"a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society; apperception of an individual, group, or idea that is constructed through cultural or social practice† (Dictionary.com). Social construction covering such an array of things it is easy to see how it is such a major party of human geography. If through humans from the beginning of their lives until they create culture and ideology where they live by, all of these things are formed by society using social construction. All of those elements also are part of human geography. Humans would be lost without the social construction. Work Cited Essay 1: Social Construct.Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/social+construct>. Why Time Is a Social Construct.Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-time-is-a-social-construct-164139110/?no-ist>. Environmental determinism â€Å"the controversial idea, popular in early twentieth century and largely discredited today, that climate or other physical qualities of an area dictate the culture of the people who live there† (Human Geography G-3). Essentially environmental determinism is that land and climate decided how cultures would act and how their societies would become form. As stated in the definition the idea is not as big in today’s society but in the past was thought of as the absolute truth. Environmental determinism rises and falls like many things through history it is close to the opposite of social construction where society shapes what things. To go more in depth about environmental determinism I am going to focus on covering the development of environmental determinism, who was arguing for it, what values it reflected, the obvious issues with environmental determinist thought, and the downfall of environmental determinism. Even though environmental determinism is rather a new getting popular in early twentieth century, parts of the theory actually dates back to late classical era. â€Å"Climatic factors for example were used by Strabo, Plato, and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates. Additionally, Aristotle came up with hisclimate classification systemto explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe.† (About.com). Aristotle may have been taking the theory in the simplest terms but it definitely relates to the theory of environmental determinism in its final form. Many scholars early on used environmental determinism there were a few that believed that society or surrounding areas/climates were the result of different skin tones such as Ibn Khaldun, speaking of Africa’s hot climate being the source of the darker skin pigment. (About.com). which is a pretty good hypothesis considering he was alive during the 14th century.

Hero in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Hero in The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingway's novels is the concept popularly known as the "Hemingway hero", or â€Å"code hero†, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a "man's man". In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, a near-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancà ©e for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingway's standard definition of a man and/or m asculinity. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully and uncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by the most intimate and loving act two may share, something that Jake just cannot provide her with. Jake's emasculation only puts the two in a grandly ironic situation. Brett is an extremely passionate woman but is denied the first man she feels true love and admiration for. Jake has loved Brett for years and cannot have her because of his inability to have sex. It is obvious that their love is mutual when Jake tries to kiss B rett in their cab ride home: "'You mustn't.

A Well-Behaved Child

A Well-Behaved Child Children are the best gift created by God. They are like wet sand, they become what others want them to become. Children needs good care attention from their elders. In order to have a well-behaved child, parents and others have to teach them good habits. There are four steps for a parent to make their child well behaved. The first thing to teach a child is about their daily schedules. The parents who make timetables for their children are more successful than those who do not do.Because of this the child knows every hour what he should do or not. The child utilize most of his time by doing valuable things like playing, eating, studying, etc. , according to his schedule. In order to have a well-skilled child, parents need to give extra time to teach and play with their child so that their child can get love and help with homework and school activities. The second thing is that every child copies whatever he watches other person doing. In order to that, parents sh ould be active to watch every step of their child.In addition, they also should take care of their activities in front of their child. For example parents should not do bad things in front of their child like talking loud, arguing with each other etc. Most activity around the child either in school or in house really affects the growth of child. The third factor is healthy diet. Nutritional food has a great role in a child’s life. For instance, if a child is having more of fats and high cholesterol in his diet, it can lead to overweight and if he is not getting enough diet he can lead to underweight.This can lead lost of self confidence and can make a child lazy. Parents have a major role in making their child healthy by giving them nutritious food. The final step is to take care of the character of the child. Parents should teach children to be honest, caring, kind and lovable. some children are very annoying and are hated by all. Parents should take care that their child be haves properly when outside the house. For example some children beat other children and behave very badly in restaurants, school and outside the house.This is hated by all and no one wants their child to be like that. Children should respect their elders and should have a smiling face while meeting others. These values count a lot in a person’s future. Overall, parents have a major role in the growth of a child. Behavior of a child depends on the actions of parents. Parents should take care of their actions and should leave a good impact on them. Moreover, children should be kept well organized and disciplined. They should have the values for how to talk with elders and how to behave with others.

Life Span Development Essays - Curious George, Child Development

Life Span Development Essays - Curious George, Child Development Life Span Development In the book, Curious George rides a bike by H.A. Rey, George receives a new bike from his friend. His friend tells him to be careful with his new bike and to keep close to the house while he is gone. George does not listen to his friend and decides to go exploring away from the house. While exploring, George sees two boys playing with their toy boats and then decides that he wants to play with a toy boat. George made a plan (how to make the boat) and then he carried out the task. George made himself a boat out of newspaper. This is an example of stage two, 1-3 years, Erikson. In stage two, children express their growing self control by climbing, touching, exploring, and try to do things for themselves. (Dennis Coon) Though most children in stage two would be exploring their kitchen floor, or ceiling, not a river! I also read the story, Curious George gets a medal by H.A. Rey. In this story George makes a mess in his friends house. George is anxious to clean up the mess before his friend gets home. The reason that he is so eager to clean up the mess is because he is thinking about the possible consequences of his actions. If this were an actual little boy, he would be thinking, I dont want to get punished, so I will clean up the mess. Or, Oh, No! Im going to get into big trouble! This is an example of Stage 1 the preconventional level, Kohlberg. If his friend werent coming home would George work so vigorously to clean up the mess? I think not. In the second half of the book, George is asked to help a professor in a somewhat dangerous experiment. The professor that has asked this of him says, Of course everything will be forgiven if you are willing to go. (George got into a bit of trouble while he was there.) George agrees to this request because he wants to please others. George wants to be nice. Why would a child want to please others? Its because they are trying to avoid disapproval. This is an example of Stage 3, the conventional level, Kohlberg. The last book that I read was Curious George by H.A. Rey. George is taken from his home in Africa, to a big ship. His friend tells him to run along and play but dont get into any trouble. George promises to be good. George found some sea gulls on the deck, and saw that they could fly. He wanted to fly too. George tried to fly, and fell into the ocean instead. Obviously, George is not thinking logically. He does not realize that he can not fly. This is an example of the preoperational stage, 2-7 years. Piaget. I have another example of the preoperational stage not related to the book. My little sister, Zo, is 4 years old. My mother recently bought her a personalized song tape. In the beginning of the tape it asks her to yell out her name. She screams, Zo!!. Then it says Zo?! Thats a nice name! Throughout the tape her name is included in all of the songs. She thinks that the person talking can really here her! Now, getting back on track. After falling into the ocean George is rescued and once again promises that he will not get into any more trouble. Why would an actual child decide this if he/she were in the same situation? They would act this way because they would be thinking about their own needs. They wouldn't want to fall into the water again or be upset in any way. This is an example of stage two, the preconventional stage, pleasure-seeking orientation. In conclusion, I have found these stages to hold true, in my own personal life, and in childrens storybooks. Its really great to finally understand why my little sister acts the way she does!

Calculate Osmotic Pressure Example Problem

Calculate Osmotic Pressure Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of solute to add to create a specific osmotic pressure in a solution. Osmotic Pressure Example Problem How much glucose (C6H12O6) per liter should be used for an intravenous solution to match the 7.65 atm at 37 degrees Celsius osmotic pressure of blood?Solution:Osmosis is the flow of a solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a substance since it depends on the concentration of the solute and not its chemical nature.Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula: ÃŽ   iMRT where ÃŽ   is the osmotic pressure in atm,  i van t Hoff factor of the solute,  M molar concentration in mol/L,  R universal gas constant 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K, and  T absolute temperature in Kelvin.Step 1:  Determine the van t Hoff factor.Since glucose does not dissociate into ions in solution, the van t Hoff factor 1.Step 2: Find the absolute temperature.T Degrees Celsius 273T 37 273T 310 KelvinStep 3:  Find the concentration of glucose.ÃŽ   iMRTM ÃŽ  /iRTM 7.65 atm/(1)(0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K)(310)M 0.301 mol/LStep 4:  Find the amount of sucrose per liter.M mol/VolumeMol M ·VolumeMol 0.301 mol/L x 1 LMol 0.301 molFrom the periodic table:C 12 g/molH 1 g/molO 16 g/molMolar mass of glucose 6(12) 12(1) 6(16)Molar mass of glucose 72 12 96Molar mass of glucose 180 g/molMass of glucose 0.301 mol x 180 g/1 molMass of glucose 54.1 gramsAnswer:54.1 grams per liter of glucose should be used for an intravenous solution to match the 7.65 atm at 37 degrees Celsius osmotic pressure of blood. What Happens If You Get the Answer Wrong Osmotic pressure is critical when dealing with blood cells. If the solution is hypertonic to the cytoplasm of the red blood cells, the cells  will shrink through a process called crenation. If the solution is hypotonic with respect to the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm, water will rush into the cells to try to reach equilibrium. This may cause the red blood cells to burst. In an isotonic solution, red and white blood cells maintain their normal structure and function. Its important to remember that there may be other solutes in the solution that affect osmotic pressure. If a solution is isotonic with respect to glucose but contains more or less of an ionic species (sodium ions, potassium ions, and so on), these species may migrate into or out of a cell to try to reach equilibrium.

buy custom Current Issues and Research in International Law essay

buy custom Current Issues and Research in International Law essay This paper will evaluate the scope doctrine of self-determination in international law with special reference to issue of democratic governance. It will outline the relevant sources of the doctrine as contained in UNGA resolutions 1514, 1541 and 2625 and the jurisprudence in the Western Sahara case. The paper will then focus on the way in which Franck approaches the issue of "self" in self-determination and discuss his idea that self-determination must include the ability of the people of a territory to govern themselves through democratic means. The paper will consider any legal responsibilities that the international community might have to peoples who are denied this right, taking into account the doctrines of sovereignty and non-interference; and the powers of the United Nations Security Council. The paper will make reference to at least one of the works one of Burchill, Marks or Fox and Roth and to the relevant provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Righ ts 1966. Self-determination in international law is a concept that purports that a people have a legal right to choose (or reject) their sovereignty without coercion or influence from external forces. The doctrine of self-determination has its roots in the wars of the world where groups have come clashing with powers that be or other groups competing for the same space. In order to understand the basis for the doctrine of self-determination, it is imperative to also consider the basis for a state, the entity that stirs interest when it comes to self-determination of peoples. The doctrine of self-determination was chartered by the United Nations General Assembly (hereinafter referred to as UNGA) in several resolutions that sought to bring to an end the spirit and era of colonialism (UNGA 1514), to recognize the formal appearance of the non self-governing territories and the need to make them fully self-governed (UNGA 1541) and lastly to bring all states to a point of international co-operation and friendly relations between states as equals (UNGA 2625). United Nations came to reaffirm faith in the independence of states and the belief that all men and women everywhere are equal. That a people have a right of self-determination is central to the United Nations Charter on peace building around the world. Right of self-determination was not clearly defined in the years before World War I (WWI). Nations in the colonial era were denied that right or more correctly did not get recognized as nations that had the right of self-determination. Most of the countries in Asia and Africa were forced to work for and live by the administrative enforcement of their colonial masters. WWI, which was referred to as the War to end all Wars, brought some significant changes to some increasingly powerful nations such as the USA. The United States of America begun to engineer a process through their declaration of Independence and affirmed that all men are born equal. President Washington of the United States wrote to congress that self-determination was a much needed political and legal right that all people of the earth were entitled to. He explained that right of self-determination was an imperative principle of political action that must be enforced by all nations. New States at this time were in the offing. According to Smith, for a nation to be considered a state it has to possess three important components; one, a community must occupy space and time for a continuous period with the intention of settling there; two, a community must have emerging relatively permanent political institutions with roles that serve the community; lastly, the communitys loyalty must shift from individuals to the values, norms and creed held by an emerging political and administrative outfit that services the community in general. The Declarative Theory on Statehood derived from the International Law defines a State as an entity with permanent population, government, territory with boundaries within which it can exercise her internal and external sovereignty and complete Independence/self-rule and ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other sovereign states. (Brownlie, 2008) These requirements for statehood meant that other nations had to cease control and let those countries under their receivership develop autonomy of governance without external interference. Self-determination took shape in the years following World War II (WWII), which was considered as the war to reign in democracy and self-rule. Powerful nations reconvened and disbanded the League of Nations with the formation of United Nations. Central to the core values of the United Nations became, and still is, freedom for all peoples and the peaceful co-existence of all nations. The need to move towards the independence of colonies was seen as an important step towards the self-government of all colonial states and therefore the development of those people and their nations. The scramble for nationalism and self-determination of states begun and many nations after the WWII asserted themselves as independent states with their own leadership and political administrations. The United Nations played a critical role in the 1960s as it moved to abolish colonies and restore leadership to the colonies through the various UNGA resolutions to which powerful nations accented to. So far known states had claimed sovereignty and the concept of political self-determination had taken place. However, Western Sahara still remains a unique station. This country, which is largely a desert, was highly contested by Mauritius and Morocco. Today, Morocco backed by France remains the only country that has control over the largest divisions of Western Sahara. In 2007 the United Nations engaged Morocco in talks about the autonomy of governance for the region and Morocco came up with a plan to speed up the process and oversee a referendum for self-determination in the state to that effect. Given that Western Sahara remains one of the most sparsely populated nations of the world, any initiative to bring people together in unity of purpose had initially failed. This process made the amalgamation into statehood almost impossible as Smith says in his argumet on grounds for statehood. The same conditions made Western Sahara easy prey to re-colonization through successive regimes and altogether difficult for any group for example the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to organize good leadership. The lack of governance in the Western Sahara has made it revert to a state called the unfinished decolonization. Higgins argues contrary to many theorists on International law that There is no legal right of secession where there is a representative Government. (Higgins, 1997) In the case of Western Sahara she sees the nation as living in a delicate balance where Morocco is not fully obliged to legally cede Western Sahara full independence because of the representation of governance in place. While Higgins is seen as an enthusiast of the tenets of United Nations, in the case of self-determination of countries which are not fully self-governed she takes a major philosophical departure. She argues that securities of democracy cannot be guaranteed under receivership and therefore unless and until a country is fully stable and ready for independence it should remain in the shadow of the representative government. The view in this case is not really one that denies the tenets of United Nations but rather addresses fears associated with the manipulation of the process of democracy in a country whose independence is delicately underway. The right to self-determination was legitimized by the UNGA resolutions and not only that but also the process of aiding those nations that were not yet fully self-governed to attain sovereignty through self-rule and to be admitted in the charter of the United Nations. This increased need for autonomy of self-determination led to the birth of democracy in varied and different ways that promoted growth at individual and collectively at societal level. The interaction of states on the international platform as equals underlies a much bigger process underneath and behind every state. Since the conformity of working relations is dependent on democracy and free associations, then governments seeking to solidify their relations with other nations must conform to certain liberal approaches in how they govern their subjects. Franck says that the democratization process within a country has international ramifications. He argues that if nations must become compliant with most of the resolutions of the charter of United Nations on Human rights and such affairs as would include governance, then they are bound to revise their general norms of governance to allow for the much needed democratic space for political action. The pressure from people has increasingly yielded democratic results starting from the push for reforms in many countries with rigid constitutions. The electorate has played a critical role in determining who goes to the highest office in the land and consequently who represents them and their views on the international stage. According to Franck Democracy has become a global entitlement promoted and protected by collective international processes. In general terms therefore in the words of Franck democracy validates government. Since political groups wish to stay in power then they are constantly put to task to work with the will of the people. Initially, democracy was not considered a keeping of the United Nations but was esteemed as an internal or domestic affair. According to Burchill; Only after the Cold War did international law dare to address the question of democracy; it had previously generally been considered to be a domestic issue and thus not subject to international scrutiny. The events of 19891991 led to the embrace of democracy in many countries. The nature of Cold War forced nations to take a back seat in affairs of the more oppressed nations because of the relationships that were at stake. Nations did not exactly go to war with each other at this period but threats of emerging war fronts and unscrupulous manufacturing of weapons of mass destruction scared nations into alliances and DEFCON preparations. International community therefore, in avoiding to infringe on the sovereignty of nations and thus trigger another World War, did not have specific guidelines on rules or resolutions on democracy. Nevertheless, due to the norms that underscore the communion of International Community it became increasingly clear that self-determination was a process that was not complete without democratic processes that helped install leaders as statesmen. If countries did not have a choice regarding the leadership that would represent them in the international negotiations then it meant that the nation was still not freely governed and there fore not self-determined. These constituent ideals of democracy have seen communities go to war in order to reaffirm their faith on this foundation. Whether the war is civil or ideological, the same principles come crushing through. Democracy therefore has taken a legitimate incontestable position in the hearts and minds of the people. The principles of democracy are written all over the United Nations charter in various forms and requirements. The agreements that are entered into by nations are voluntary and bear no obligations except to the point where an agreement has been entered into. When nations thus bind themselves to these obligations then they are morally expected to deal judiciously with their citizens if they are to expect the same treatment extended to them by the international community. In time and in practice these values of equality and upholding of human rights have been transformed to become more than principles or etiquettes of dealership. The principles of democracy in many countries have become part of the law drafted to safeguard the sovereignty of a nation through the independence of the peoples of that nation. Democracy has therefore become a norm and an inviolable non-negotiable right however tumultuous the process of attaining democracy can be for a country. Fox and Roth have drawn two sources or forms of democracy on the international stage. The first notion is that democracy is a right and that the legitimacy of governments is dependent on the democratic space in their country. The second notion in academicc discourse entails the determination and theorizing of evidence of democracy as a yard stick for legitimacy of governments. They submit that even Western countries, which have a much more mature democracy, still struggle with internal democratic arrangements. The process of self-determination therefore becomes synonymous with democracy in any given country. Democracy has been reaffirmed time and again in the dealings that nations engage with each other. Since most of the countries affected by dictatorship are third world, one of the ways in which these countries have been encouraged to adopt democratic processes is through pledging democracy as collateral for aid. According to Susan Marks democracy in some other instances has been held as a condition that is part of a countrys territorial sovereignty. One hundred countries ratified the Declaration of the Community of Democracies document in reaffirming their faith in the legitimacy of democracy in sovereignty. When a countrys democracy is threatened either by internal or external forces so does its legal right to self-determination. Countries that are torn by strife and civil war are hardly stable and therefore lack competent governance that can uphold and defend democracy. International community in this regard has a responsibility to help restore order and normalcy in these nations. The United Nations comes in as an arbiter or a mediator between the warring parties within the society. Barnes says that at this point the responsibility of the international community is to explore the possibility of power sharing in cases of insoluble or extreme conflicts. (Barnes, 2001) The objective is to maintain peace through an evasive non-violent deal and jumpstart a process of reconciliation between the warring parties. The process continues to the place where the United Nation sponsors a process of constitutional nature so that peace is not only kept but guaranteed in the future in case similar conflicts occur. Another challenge of democracy is the minority groups seeking self-determination. Secession of a state within a confederation is only possible with the consent of confederate states. A case in point is the American Supreme Court ruling in Texas V. White in which the high court judge ruled that it was possible for a state to secede from the federation only with the consent of the rest of the confederate states. (Pavkovic Radan, 2003) Therefore, for sub-groups within larger states to seek self-determination would mean that a referendum would be established in keeping with the constitution of the land, which is the supreme law. International communities cannot act contrary to the opinion of the majority however noble their course is in an area faced by secession. The wish of the majority which is taken as the popular democracy carries the day in a winner takes all fashion. A case in point is the Western Australia secession bid from Federate Australia. The proponents wanted to split with Federate Australia because the majority of that federate unit wished so but the Joint Select Committee of British Parliament ruled against them since the majority confederates were not of the idea of the secession of Western Australia from the Confederation. (Pavkovic Radan, 2003) The international community therefore in promoting and sustaining democracy among warring nations evaluate positions with a key eye on where the scales fall in relation to popular democracy. On the other hand, in the event a successful secession occurs and emerging New Nations decide to self-govern themselves then the United Nations has made provisions on how that would take place. According to Pavkovic and Radan, the Yugoslav wars set the first application for the use of internal boundaries to become international boundaries. They said, regarding the state divisions of Yugoslav: In its wisdom, the international community ordained that the existing internal borders of the seceding Yugoslav republics were to be transformed into international borders.In essence, the principle of uti possidetis juris mandated that the borders of former colonial entities became international borders of the state following decolonization. (Pavkovic Radan, 2003) However, when the threat to democracy is external, then the United Nations have an even greater role to play. The threat of peace due to clashing of sovereign nations can be far more retrogressive in promoting the equality of nations in sovereignty according to the UNGA resolutions. The United Nations Security Council is empowered to move in swiftly in peace keeping missions around the world and quell a mutiny at least until a political solution is arrived at. The Security Council takes a neutral stance in regard to disputed zones and their presence in those areas is to keep violent armed conflict in check. Meanwhile United Nations convene meetings with neighbouring countries to the affected or countries with a sense of political affinity with the affected in order to find an amicable solution. In conclusion, the process of democratization is synonymous to the sovereignty of nations. The birth of democracy has come along way in determining whether a country is independent and therefore sovereign. The notion of democracy has always existed in the minds and hearts of people in their pursuit of independence from colonialism and continues to persist past the corridors of independence. As long as there is some form of limitation of choice whether in semi-autonomous states or in dictatorial regimes, the will of the people expressed in democracy has and will always force nations to change in that regard. International Law thus in recognition of this norm has legitimized the right to democracy as a prerequisite for recognition of sovereign nations seeking partnerships and favours. Democracy among the nations of the earth has developed to become recognized as a right and not just a principle in practice. The current move in international community is to promote democracy as part of self-determination to the place where it can be recognized as a law on its own in a bid to end the strife attached to dictatorial regimes and promote cohesion and peaceful coexistence of nations as equal sovereigns. Buy custom Current Issues and Research in International Law essay

Writing Assignment - Model in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Assignment - Model in Action - Essay Example Trinity College of Management was in the process of formulating a business proposal to attract funds from a funding agency. The project was the continuation of a public welfare program.. However the College fell short on the target of the number of beneficiaries in the previous year’s implementation. Though this short fall was quantitatively less, it was limiting the chance of the college getting continued funds. The ethical decision making process involved in the scenario was the analysis of the alternatives proposed to solve the problem. Three alternates were suggested, of which the first was to have relentless efforts in order to achieve the shortfall in the number of beneficiaries by the time the proposal was submitted. Another possible option was to hype figures in the proposal than the actual achievements and the last alternative was to keep the proposal going with the actual figures. These alternates were evaluated in the ethical decision making process. Though no ethical issue was realized in the first and the third alternatives, the suggestion to hype the figures involved an ethical issue and had to be evaluated for its intensity. The hype in the number of beneficiaries was found to be miniscule in comparison with the total achievement and the total cost involved. The moral cause of the project was not affected hugely due to the shortfall and thus the hype was found not to be a major ethical concern. The individual factors for alternative evaluation include Quantitative factors and Qualitative factors. (Nair & Oommen, 1994).The proposal for the trial to achieve the shortfall failed in this evaluation process as the quantitative factor of operational cost for its implementation could not be afforded. A minor qualitative factor of the inter-organizational relationships was realized in the second option but the success of the project implementation and the resultant improvisation in the relationships with the

Strategies for healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies for healthcare - Essay Example Our tactful management charts small term and long term plans to effectively meet the set targets and enhance profitability in every quarter. Targeting our corporate clients we try and imbibe the latest technology and best medical practices to give them high quality services. We invest heavily in research and technologies to ensure expedite medicinal services to our clients. We ensure a streamlined functioning of various departments and absolute coordination between them so as to get the maximum output. Our investments and services are directed towards achieving overall growth as an organization, via customer satisfaction. We have a vision of coupling technology and human expertise to offer world class health services and to realize it, the support and appreciation of our customers in imperative for us. Hence we imbibe extremely user-friendly technology and highly motivated work force to make sure that our clients are completely satisfied with our services. Well planned investments in novel technology and research have only brought us more laurels and better returns with every passing year. From routine checkups to emergency situations we are well equipped to meet all with full competence and are thus regarded as a trustworthy name in the industry. Employees can be t

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example Based on this particular aspect, graduate schools have become increasingly focused on developing the leadership qualities of the students who are to be the upcoming employee generation in the global workplace (Jackson, 2009). Nevertheless, as leadership is termed to be more of an art rather than a science, it is essential to identify the personal limitations and development needs which should be managed accordingly to exemplify superior leadership capabilities in the practical scenario (Goleman, 2012). Based on these aspects, the discussion henceforth will aim at describing four skills area which I need to develop to grow as an effective leader in future. The description will be followed by a development plan which I think might be beneficial in my overall development as a leader. Four Skill Areas to Work On It is quite necessary to understand the concept of leadership and obtain a generalised view regarding the qualities that should be possessed by a leader prior to the elaboration and justification of the skills areas which I need to develop in order to become an effective leader. ... It is also related with social and philosophical dimensions of management in accordance with various business and non-business environments. In the words of Lubitz (2008, p.63), â€Å"Leadership is, therefore, never a straightforward task: it involves a set of complex skills whose employment is contingent on the level at which leadership is practiced, its place within the chain of task execution, and the nature of the task at hand.† Thus, it can be affirmed that leadership is a situational phenomenon where individual skills play a major role in depicting the effectiveness of such practices (DeRue & Ashford, 2010). From a generalised point of view, leaders in the contemporary context are required to possess various skills which accumulatively intend to enhance the qualities of the professionals and thus reward increasing efficiency (Campbell, Hays, Core, Birch, Bosack, & Clark, 2011). As stated by Klingborg, Moore and Varea-Hammond (2006), leaders in today’s contemporary era should possess organisational skills, learning skills, motivating skills, creative skills, critical thinking abilities as well as forward thinking and problem-solving skills. These skills are expected to augment flexibility among leaders to adapt changes and steer the team towards improvement. Another most significant ability which should be possessed by a 21st century leader is regarded to be the communication skills. As indicated by Decker (2006), effective communication not only assists in developing the team in a consistent manner but also helps to develop a mutual relationship and a stronger influence as well as control over the team performances. After learning about the skills required to be established as an effective

Alexander and Diogenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alexander and Diogenes - Essay Example Alexander was greeted by everyone when he met Diogenes, except Diogenes himself, who spoke to Alexander rudely when the former asked the latter if he could do anything for him. Highet (10) writes that Diogenese said, â€Å"Stand to one side. You’re blocking the sunlight†. Although the crowd awaited Alexander’s reaction to this rude remark, they were amazed to hear him say that he preferred being Diogenes if he were not Alexander. â€Å"If I were not Alexander, I should be Diogenes† (Highet 10). This meant that he considered Diogenes as a free person, unafraid and bold, not thinking about what effect his saying would have on the listener. He, sort of, saw his own image in the beggar’s style and pride. He came to know that, on earth, it was either Alexander, the King, or Diogenes, the beggar, who were free and independent in their choice of speech and action. Highet made this historical story even more compelling, by giving it the form of an essay. The message that can be extracted through this is that the real human being is one who is bold enough to use his free will. When we say that a person is free, we mean that he lives by his own value system, which is so strong that he is not afraid of whether the people around him approve of or disapprove his speech and actions. The main theme is about simplicity. One must not get indulge in the complexities of life. Simplicity is what makes life beautiful, and also makes one understand his true self, because it is in simplicity that one collides with nature and recognizes his worth. â€Å"He knew that of all men then alive in the world only Alexander the conqueror and Diogenes the beggar were truly free† (Highet, 10), means that even Kings realize the importance of those people whom they consider as inferior, just because of strong values and confidence. It also means that even beggars a re considered as inspirational, if they are free and

Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of Essay

Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of difference in class, power, culture, etc - Essay Example The paper "Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of difference in class, power, culture, etc" discovers the history of contemporary art and the issues it engages. Class has developed a number of issues when it comes to art. A class is a category of individuals having some properties in common differentiated from others by kind or quality. It means people that have been bound by similar setting different from others giving them a distinct difference from others and collectively showing similar behaviours also inclusive of their social status. In this light, a class can include religious class, social class and also a political class. In recent past, religious class grasps to ideas that favour their mannerism and whatsoever most of them would be conservative of their ways. Art mostly includes creatively displaying imaginative ideas that, for instance, may involve drawing, carving or coming up with expressions such as nude figures or distorted ones that would collid e with the values of a class engulfed in religion. Truly enough, a state entitled or having a Muslim or a Christian following would largely condemn art involving nude figures as it seems to be a violation of their religious exposure. A class that is more influential would favour or hamper art development as they would have the final say to nail the idea or exalt the idea. The political class would be cautious to tread in the ways of their subjects especially in a society that practices democratic election.

Addison's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Addison's Disease - Essay Example Autoimmunity remains the chief cause of Addison’s disease in Europe and in Africa, although the incidence rates in Africa are comparatively low. The key immunological finding in most patients is the presence of autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Inadequate amounts of adrenal hormones present symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue, vomiting, and hyperpigmentation among many others. A careful examination of morning cortisol levels and amounts of ACH aid in giving correct diagnosis for patients with Addison’s disease. The only treatment available is replacement therapy using synthetic glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. However, it is vital that diagnosis is made early enough to ensure that the patients start treatment on time and enjoy productive lives. Key Words: Addison’s disease; Adrenal insufficiency; Autoimmunity Introduction Addison’s disease is an endocrine an d immunological disorder that leads to adrenal insufficiency. The pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone to make up for the reduced amount of cortisol in the adrenal glands (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune Addison’s disease occurs due to adrenal inadequacy because of immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex (Rottembourg et al. 309). In 1849, Dr. Addison illustrated a form of anemia that had been overlooked. This ailment was common in men between the ages of 20 and 60. It was characterized by a slow onset and took several weeks or even months to display alarming symptoms such as immense fatigue, paleness, and mental and physical incapacitation (Bishop 35). A postmortem of three cases revealed a diseased condition of the suprarenal capsules, which Dr. Addison believed was not a happenstance. He, therefore, decided that the suprarenal capsules were indirectly or indirectly involved in the events that led to the diseased condition. In 1855, Dr. Addison published a monograph addressing the consequences of disease on the suprarenal capsules. It sought to establish the actual functions and impact of these cells. The monograph associated the similarities of the renal suprarenal capsules with the spleen, thyroid body, and thymus to the embellishment of blood (Bishop 36). He further described the progression and key symptoms of the problem and explains that all cases defied curative endeavors and ended lethally. It is worth noting that during that time the functions of the supra-renal capsules were unknown. Later on in 1856, Trousseau called the condition â€Å"La Maladie d’ Addison† (Bishop 37). Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard collected a number of rabbits, cats, and dogs and deprived them of their adrenals. He thought that if the animals did then they would have died because of Addison’s disease. A pressor substance was discovered in the adrenal medulla in 1894 after which Takamine and Aldrich separately isolated th e crystalline form of adrenaline in 1091. Having been synthesized in 1904, adrenaline became the first hormone to be isolated chemically, characterized, and synthesized (Bishop 38). It was then discovered that cortical extracts contained substances that preserved life. The clinical syndrome as described by Dr. Addison was later called Addison’s disease following his relation of adrenal insufficiency to the symptoms. Addison’s disease is prevalent in Western countries compared to African countries as established by Ross et al. during a cohort study of South Africans (292). Etiology There are several causes of Addison’s disease such as marred steroidogenesis, adrenal dysgenesis, and diseases that lead to the destruction of the adrenal cells (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune destruction of t

Alexander and Diogenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alexander and Diogenes - Essay Example Alexander was greeted by everyone when he met Diogenes, except Diogenes himself, who spoke to Alexander rudely when the former asked the latter if he could do anything for him. Highet (10) writes that Diogenese said, â€Å"Stand to one side. You’re blocking the sunlight†. Although the crowd awaited Alexander’s reaction to this rude remark, they were amazed to hear him say that he preferred being Diogenes if he were not Alexander. â€Å"If I were not Alexander, I should be Diogenes† (Highet 10). This meant that he considered Diogenes as a free person, unafraid and bold, not thinking about what effect his saying would have on the listener. He, sort of, saw his own image in the beggar’s style and pride. He came to know that, on earth, it was either Alexander, the King, or Diogenes, the beggar, who were free and independent in their choice of speech and action. Highet made this historical story even more compelling, by giving it the form of an essay. The message that can be extracted through this is that the real human being is one who is bold enough to use his free will. When we say that a person is free, we mean that he lives by his own value system, which is so strong that he is not afraid of whether the people around him approve of or disapprove his speech and actions. The main theme is about simplicity. One must not get indulge in the complexities of life. Simplicity is what makes life beautiful, and also makes one understand his true self, because it is in simplicity that one collides with nature and recognizes his worth. â€Å"He knew that of all men then alive in the world only Alexander the conqueror and Diogenes the beggar were truly free† (Highet, 10), means that even Kings realize the importance of those people whom they consider as inferior, just because of strong values and confidence. It also means that even beggars a re considered as inspirational, if they are free and

Addison's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Addison's Disease - Essay Example Autoimmunity remains the chief cause of Addison’s disease in Europe and in Africa, although the incidence rates in Africa are comparatively low. The key immunological finding in most patients is the presence of autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Inadequate amounts of adrenal hormones present symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue, vomiting, and hyperpigmentation among many others. A careful examination of morning cortisol levels and amounts of ACH aid in giving correct diagnosis for patients with Addison’s disease. The only treatment available is replacement therapy using synthetic glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. However, it is vital that diagnosis is made early enough to ensure that the patients start treatment on time and enjoy productive lives. Key Words: Addison’s disease; Adrenal insufficiency; Autoimmunity Introduction Addison’s disease is an endocrine an d immunological disorder that leads to adrenal insufficiency. The pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone to make up for the reduced amount of cortisol in the adrenal glands (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune Addison’s disease occurs due to adrenal inadequacy because of immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex (Rottembourg et al. 309). In 1849, Dr. Addison illustrated a form of anemia that had been overlooked. This ailment was common in men between the ages of 20 and 60. It was characterized by a slow onset and took several weeks or even months to display alarming symptoms such as immense fatigue, paleness, and mental and physical incapacitation (Bishop 35). A postmortem of three cases revealed a diseased condition of the suprarenal capsules, which Dr. Addison believed was not a happenstance. He, therefore, decided that the suprarenal capsules were indirectly or indirectly involved in the events that led to the diseased condition. In 1855, Dr. Addison published a monograph addressing the consequences of disease on the suprarenal capsules. It sought to establish the actual functions and impact of these cells. The monograph associated the similarities of the renal suprarenal capsules with the spleen, thyroid body, and thymus to the embellishment of blood (Bishop 36). He further described the progression and key symptoms of the problem and explains that all cases defied curative endeavors and ended lethally. It is worth noting that during that time the functions of the supra-renal capsules were unknown. Later on in 1856, Trousseau called the condition â€Å"La Maladie d’ Addison† (Bishop 37). Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard collected a number of rabbits, cats, and dogs and deprived them of their adrenals. He thought that if the animals did then they would have died because of Addison’s disease. A pressor substance was discovered in the adrenal medulla in 1894 after which Takamine and Aldrich separately isolated th e crystalline form of adrenaline in 1091. Having been synthesized in 1904, adrenaline became the first hormone to be isolated chemically, characterized, and synthesized (Bishop 38). It was then discovered that cortical extracts contained substances that preserved life. The clinical syndrome as described by Dr. Addison was later called Addison’s disease following his relation of adrenal insufficiency to the symptoms. Addison’s disease is prevalent in Western countries compared to African countries as established by Ross et al. during a cohort study of South Africans (292). Etiology There are several causes of Addison’s disease such as marred steroidogenesis, adrenal dysgenesis, and diseases that lead to the destruction of the adrenal cells (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune destruction of t

South Carolina and Georgia Essay Example for Free

South Carolina and Georgia Essay When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government. Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests. George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting the Liberty and Happiness of the people. Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states. Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so. From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers. Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is, that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government. As James Madison expressed it, If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Although nine of the thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights. In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendments equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored. The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council. This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality. For instance, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles. The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system. Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded. Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery. In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged. The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congressional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v. Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of separate but equal (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities. In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the separate but equal doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him. The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the separate but equal principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s. Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of separate but equal in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v. Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and with all deliberate speed. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly. Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on their gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of womens rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that womens rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many womens rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment. Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturned the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v. Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendments equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored. In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged. The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes uncon stitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. † Practically, this statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed. , 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W. 1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74

No Country For Old Men Cormac Mccarthy English Literature Essay

No Country For Old Men Cormac Mccarthy English Literature Essay Anton Chigurh is a character in the novel No country for old Men was written by Cormac McCarthy. Chigurh is a psychopathic murderer who was hired to recover money from a drug deal that failed to succeed. However, eh later realizes that the money had been taken by another person called Llewely Moss and had gone out of the town with the money. He then tries to track Moss along a motel but Moss fooled him by making him believe that he is in a room next to where Chigurh is by keeping the money in vent. Chigurh then realizes a mighty hunter called Wells, whom he later kills after realizing that he wanted to strike a deal with Moss. He then ruthlessly tries to find where Moss is until he learns that he has been killed by other bandits form Mexico in a different motel. He then goes ahead to find Mosss mourning wife and contemplates on whether to kill her or not by tossing a coin. On his way back, he gets involved in a serious accident that leaves him injured and his arm broke. He then pays a young boy to give him his T-shirt but leaves the accident scene before an ambulance comes (McCarthy, 12). The title of the book was derived from William Butlers poem sailing to Byzantium. The title therefore carries the theme of the book which is the direction of the contemporary world towards evil and immorality. McCarthy describes a world that is full of corruption and evil things, and very little goodness. The novel is dominated by stories of horrible crimes and unethical actions. The author portrays a contemporary world as a place where the evil is more than the good. This is the reason as to why the old men cannot fit in the modern world since they believe in order and balance of good and evil. Just like most of his previous books, McCarthys novel records a sequence of brutal deaths along the border of Texas and Mexico. The author is well known for throwbacks and a cinematic novel writer which is most seen in No country for Old Men. The author portrays his knowledge by use of perfect idiomatic language. Anton Chigurh in the novel No country for old Men Anton Chigurh is they main antagonist in this novel. He plays a central role in that dominates the whole story by his brutal killings. His ability to kill many people is somehow disturbing and he is curious to do so. He does not struggle too much to kill someone and does not look worried after killing. Even though he commits horrible actions, he has some sense of intelligence his killing plans organized properly and all goes according to his plans. He has no emotions and kills without any affection. His actions indicate that he has no ability in comprehending human life. This can be seen from the way he takes away peoples lives and he does it ruthlessly throughout the novel. He had been hired to track money from a drug deal but ends up killing even those who had hired him and starts to look for money and make it his. When he meets victims who do not have enough reasons to be killed, he tosses a coin to decide their fate. However, he has how own morals where he does not kill without a reason. However, eh assumes that he believes that the reasons for killing are determined by him and those that he wants to kill. In this case, the author represents him like someone who does not believe in any God since he behaves as of he has right to the lives of those he kills. The author has brought out his character like that of a Darwinian creature bearing a strong survival function. He is thereof a survivalist who lead a simple and plain life. It was not by accident that he was able to treat himself when his leg was shot. When he also got injured in a car crash, he did not wait for the ambulance to arrive. He behaved like someone who had all the ability to run his own life. He was well equipped to manage his won life and believed in living above all things (McCarthy, 68). Factors that motivates the actions of Anton Chigurh The actions of Anton Chigurh are motivated by his desire for honour which he believes comes with having money. Most of his killings are in his pursuit for money so that he can attain honour. At one point in the book, he asks Moss what was the need of following the rules that he followed if they did not lead him to good. He tries to do things as they are supposed to be done but he expects that he results will be in his favour. He explains to Moss why he let himself to be arrested was because he wanted to see whether he could free himself by acting willfully as he believed that it is possible. He concluded that it is possible for one to free himself by acting out of will but it would be a foolish action. His lack of believe in God also motivates him to kill ruthlessly. This is seen where he tells Carla Jean that he has already given his words and he cannot change them. However, Carla tells him that he has the power to change the words of he wishes to but he says that even a non believer may find it necessary to make himself after God. He however maintains the stand that whatever has been done cannot be undone. Carla refers to this as blasphemy. He believes that he had the fate for the lives of his victims. This is the reason why he tosses a coin to determine whether to kill the person or not. His pursuit for money was also another motivating factor for Anton Chirguh. He is chasing after money that had been obtained through a drug deal but Llewelyn Moss had escaped with it after picking it from an open field. In his search for moss, he encounters violent Mexicans that left him with a shot leg. But because he needed to achieve his mission of getting the money, he nursed his leg and continued with the search. At this moment, Chirguh could brutally kill anyone who crossed his ways since the motivating factor was to recover the money. He eventually killed those who had hired him and took the money for himself. The Relationship that Chigurh had with other Characters in the Novel Anton Chigurh has a cold relationship with others in the novels due to his brutality that makes others to fear him. When Bell learns that Chigurh is hunting for Moss and his wife, he runs to them to inform them of the danger that they are in. Moss disregards this and he ends up in trouble together with his wife. When the violence becomes intense, Sheriff Bell takes time to reexamine his ability in dealing with the brutality of Chigurh. Sheriff is a former law man and a product of informal system of honour that existed in the past generations. He develops doubt as the whether he is still fit for his work. This is because the violence represented by Chigurh demanded an equally brutal person (Raff, 7). The relationship that is between Anton Chigurh and other characters is therefore characterized by fear for his brutality. There are no incidences he is holding peaceful discussions with other people in the novel. This could have been so with those who had hired him to track the money but he also ended up killing them. What Anton Chigurh represents in the Novel The character Anton Chirguh represents violence in the whole novel. The novel is full of scenes of violence that is initiated by Chirguh. His killing actions are done sometimes with a mission while others are not. His life mission might be to kill who crosses his path in an uncompromising manner and decides on their death by tossing a coin. The victims of his violence are those involved in drug deals, those driving the transportation cars he steals, and others whom he meets on his pursuit missions. His actions are purely evil. He has evil believes and therefore acts according to his believes. The author, Cormac McCarthy, uses the character top represent violence in the modern country where old men who are not used to gun shots cannot survive (Lyons OMalley-Younger, 183). Conclusion The author of the novel, Cormac McCarthy, has used the icon of Anton Chigurh to represent some of the violent acts that are taking place in the modern countries. These actions are therefore a justification of the title of the book, No country for Old men, where whatever is happening in the country cannot support the old men. The novel indicates a country where people are just rushing and fighting, gunshots and car crashes. It is therefore hard for the old to survive in such a country. The country is characterized by killings, drugs deals, gun shots and a lot of brutality where no old man can survive.

Report on Winner-Take-All :: Winner-Take-All Elections Politics Essays

Report on Winner-Take-All "Winner-take-all† is a term used to describe single member district and at large election systems that award seats to the highest vote getters without ensuring fair representation for minority groups. In the United States, these are typically single-member district schemes or at-large, block-voting systems. Under winner-take-all rules, a slim majority of voters can control 100% of seats, leaving everyone else effectively without representation. There's something else troubling about the way we elect presidents--something beyond the personal attacks, the derelict voters and the influence of big money. It is the fact that so many of those who do vote don't have their votes counted. Florida is a good example of what I'm talking about--not because that state turned out to make the decisive difference in this week's election, but because more than 2 million voters--nearly as many as will go to the winning candidate--had no say in the outcome. All of Florida's 25 electoral votes will go to the other guy. That's the unavoidable consequence of the winner-take-all system that prevails in all the states. At the end, of course, any contest for a single office is a winner-take-all affair. But why should it be that way in the states? Why should more than a million-and-a-half California supporters of George W. Bush see all 54 of the state's electoral votes go to Al Gore? In short, what is wrong with apportioning each state's electoral votes in accordance with the way the state's electorate voted? A better question, no doubt, is why not ditch the electoral college system altogether and go to direct elections? Politicians as different as Franklin D. Roosevelt and Richard Nixon backed a constitutional amendment to have all the states go to a proportional system. Obviously, nothing came of the proposals. It's probably because the political party that would be favored in a winner-take-all state is usually the party that runs the state. The party with the power to change the system has no incentive for doing so. It is not the sole fact that votes get wasted that bothers me. There is much more to it. Bush hardly campaigned at all in New York--and for the same reason that Gore neglected Idaho, Wyoming and Alaska: His opponent had the states locked up, along with 100 percent of their electoral votes. Indeed, Bush was criticized by some GOP strategists for wasting time and resources campaigning in California.

Having A Happy Job :: essays research papers

â€Å"I need a job.† How many times have I heard that one – I’ve heard it a million times. Living in a modern society based on a green piece of paper, I am burdened, and feel it maybe even impossible to survive without one. Without money, I wouldn’t have cars, clothes, livelihood or maybe even my health. Today it is simple, to luxuriate in finer things you need money, and to get money, I need a job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I hate my job.† How many times have I heard that one? A million and one. It seems nobody today is content with his or her job. So why do it? Because I have to work; hence, I don’t have an option. I feel that most people, like myself, find their place of work rather uncomfortable; however, I still need to keep my job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the last two summers, I worked a job, which at first I thought was ideal. I was a PC/LAN Coordinator at Chippenham Hospital. â€Å"How neat,† I thought, â€Å"I love to work with computers, and they are paying me eight dollars an hour!† I even had and office and everything. Starting out there was so intoxicating; I was able to practice my computer networking expertise and it almost seemed like it wasn’t any work at all. Soon things became repetitive, I started getting bored, and I was getting instructed to do more new tasks every day. I felt dissatisfied with the menial tasks I was given, and, although the paycheck was generous, I felt frustrated at the end of each week. I felt my boss was nice to me, but this was just not a job that stimulated my interests. The amount of deskwork was boring, and I enjoy being around people and moving to different locations during the workday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon enough I hated my great job! I made the decision an office was definitely not the vocation for me. It even got to the point where I would feel apprehensive about coming into work every day, because I knew I would be doing the exact same thing in the exact same place. Then I set out a goal in my life: I will not anguish myself with a job with which I am not happy. I believe this objective is important - if I am going to a workplace every day that I hate, then I need to find a way to find another occupation that interests me.

What Is Nsa Device

NETWORK ATTACHMENT STORAGE Renika L. Whaley NT1110 Mr Dameon Hagler What is a NAS device? A NAS is hard disk storage that is set up with its own network address rather than being attached to the department computer that is serving applications to a network’s workstation. What is the speed of the network adapter available on a NAS DEVICE? The speed is typically one gigabit Ethernet connection but this can be changed to multiple gigabit, 10 gigabit, fiber optic by adding a PCI-e network card(s). Older parts can be used which may be limited to 10/100 megabit.If you need an exact answer for speed, simply look at the wiki on gigabit. What is the Capacity Range? The capacity range again varies; with port replication and add-on hard drive controller cards there is hardly a limit on size. A board with 6 SATA ports can be replicated (1 to 5 port) allowing for 30 drives to be attached. Is there any fault tolerance (such RAID) built into a NAS device? As fault tolerance, raid 50 is fairl y stable if set up correctly, raid 10 has been touted as one of the best setups since more drives can fail at one time without data loss.All of those features can be used on typical NAS devices. Are management features available? Yes Speculate on why a user would want to use a NAS. For example, what would be the advantage of all family photos and videos being stored on a NAS in a family where the parents and children all had their own computers? NAS is network allocated storage apart from any other systems attached to the network. There are a lot of considerations: 1. Power usage. All users may shutdown their computers. Some people build NAS from atom boards and other things for their low power characteristics. ) 2. Always on availability. As long as the network is up and the NAS is functioning, it is always available regardless of what computers are on/off the network. 3. Centralized Storage for backup. If a computer needs to be rebuilt or wiped, you can push files and backups and restore from the same location. 4. Cost effective. Installing a RAID 1 in each computer (Mirror drive) would cost more and use more storage than perhaps a RAID 5 in the NAS with multiple PC's.This may apply more to offices than for example a small home with 2-3 PC's. 5. Redundancy. Most personal computers operate a single drive (cost consideration) or on performance considerations (RAID 0 etc. ) more so than reliability. NAS are typically setup for redundancy in case of drive failure (RAID 1,5,6 and the various permutations. ) 6. Lower priority data. This doesn't always apply, but lower priority data can be moved to another location (for example, VM Images). They take up storage space, but a user may not want this to take up higher priority space.